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Backs Against the Wall
5 Foreword
9 Introduction
11 Urban-Oriented Colleges and Universities: Characteristics and Problems
12 What Are the Problems?
16 General Caveats
19 Basic Skills and Related Programs and Services
19 In-School Youth: Miles College and the Birmingham Schools Cooperate
24 Faculty Development: The Jersey City Case
30 English as a Second Language: Community Outreach in Hartford
36 Diagnostic Testing: Strategies in the District of Columbia
39 Institutional Planning and Cooperation
40 A Simple Need for Information
41 A Complex Need for Planning
43 An Approach to Planning and Assessment in San Francisco
47 The Benefits of Cooperating: The Boston Model
52 Concluding Thoughts
53 Costs and Funding
54 Institutions: Higher Costs and Underfunding
57 Students: Aid and Loan Programs
62 Concluding Thoughts
65 Inching Away from the Wall: Summary of Recommendations
65 Basic Skills and Related Programs and Services
66 Institutional Planning
66 Learning Research
67 Institutional Cooperation
67 Providing Information to Potential Students
67 Overcoming Funding Problems
68 Gathering Data about Programs and People
69 The Immediate Funding Challenge
71 Conclusion
72 Notes
74 Appendix A: Ford Foundation Conference Participants
75 Appendix B: Ford Foundation Grants