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A Time to Choose
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A Time to Choose

The final report of the Energy Policy Project of the Ford Foundation, which was established to study energy policy issues shortly before the 1970's oil crisis. The report is a summary by the project's staff with interpretations of the commissioned studies and recommendations on energy policy issues. Its principal conclusion is that the United States can balance its energy budget, control pollution and avoid reliance on insecure oil sources abroad by slowing its growth rate of energy consumption.

Energy Policy Project of the Ford Foundation
1974
511 pages

Contents
Authors' Note
Foreword
Chapter 1 Introducing Energy Policy: Energy Futures
Chapter 2 the Historical Growth Scenario: What Do We Need the Energy For?; The Economics of Historical Energy Growth; Where Will the Energy Come From?; Alternative Supply Cases; Domestic Oil and Gas Case; High Nuclear Case; High Imports Case; Implications of Energy Supply in Historical Growth; The Institutional Framework for Supply Development; Market Oriented Approach; Government Oriented Approach; Reaching a Consensus and Moving Forward; Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 3 the Technical Fix Scenario: Energy Consumption; Residential Energy Use; Commercial Energy Use; Energy Conservation Policies for the Residential and Commercial Sectors; Transportation Energy Use; Energy Conservation Policies for Transportation; Industrial Energy Use; Policies for Industrial Energy Conservation; Energy Conservation and the Economy; Capital Requirements; Energy Supply Strategies
Chapter 4 a Zero Energy Growth Scenario: Why Zero Energy Growth?; Economic Impacts of Zero Energy Growth; The Zero Energy Growth Economy; Zero Energy Growth and Low Income Groups; Transition Problems: Zeg in Comparison with Other Scenarios; A Note About the Very Long Term; Policies for Zeg; Where Would the Energy Go in a Zero Growth Scenario?; Energy Supplies for a Zero Energy Growth Scenario; Renovating Our Energy Supply System; Evaluation of Zero Energy Growth and Comparison with Other Scenarios
Chapter 5 the American Energy Consumer: Rich, Poor, And In-Between: What Is "Typical"?; Energy Use and Income; Energy Use for Heating: Variations by Income Groups; Lighting; Appliances; Energy on the Road: Poor, Middle-Income and Well-To-Do Families; Indirect Energy Use: Btu's Outside the Household; Conclusions and Recommendations
Chapter 6 Energy, Employment and Economic Growth: Economic Growth; Energy Demand; Economics of Energy Conservation; Some Findings; The Dynamics of Employment Change in the United States; Employment Effects of Supply Disruptions Versus Demand Conservation; The Potential Employment Impact of Energy Conservation in the Energy Producing and Energy Intensive Industries; Future U.S. Economic Growth: Some Energy Implications; Population, Labor Force, and Employment; Income and Consumption Patterns; Energy Implications; Summary
Chapter 7 U.S. Energy Policy in the World Context: Future Oil Prices; The Conservation Connection; International Implications of the Scenarios; Project Interdependence; Epilogue
Chapter 8 Energy and the Environment: Fossil Fuels; Coal Mining and Oil Shale Recovery; Offshore Oil and Gas Recovery; Air Pollution; Small Particle Air Pollution; Global Limits to Energy Use; Overview of Fossil Fuel Environmental Problems; How Much Pollution Control?; Fossil Fuels: limiting factors and energy growth; Nuclear Energy; Nuclear Control Systems: Design Vs. Performance; Nuclear Control Systems: the Test of Time; Controls Against Acts of Nuclear Violence; Future Options for Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Overview; Environmental Perspective; Public Participation
Chapter 9 Private Enterprise and the Public Interest: Footnotes
Chapter 10 Reforming Electric Utility Regulation: Pricing; Site Selection and Coordination Among Utilities; Industrial Organization and Competition; Regulation
Chapter 11 Federal Energy Resources: Protecting the Public Trust: The Resources; The Present Exploitation System; Exploration; Addressing National Needs; Values and Regional Choices; Leasing; Lease Development—Ensuring Production; Lease Development—Environmental Protection; Alternatives for the Public's Resources; Alternatives Do Exist; Offshore Oil; Coal; Facing the Future; A Federal Energy Resource Plan; Assessing Regional Impacts; Development: How and by Whom?
Chapter 12 Energy Research and Development
Chapter 13 Conclusions and Recommendations: Energy Conservation Actions; Supply Actions; Zero Energy Growth; Social Equity; Energy, Employment, and Economic Growth; U.S. Energy Policy in the World Context; Environment; Private Enterprise and the Public Interest; Utilities; Federal Resources; Research and Development
Energy Policy Project Staff, Consultants and Advisory Board: Professional Staff; Support Staff; FORMER Professional Staff; FORMER Support Staff; Consultants; Advisory Board
Advisory Board Comments: Major Issues of Energy Policy: Statement by the Advisory Board; Supplementary Statement by Julius A. Stratton, Harvey Brooks, D. C. Burnham, John D. Harper, Phillip S. Hughes, Joseph L. Fisher, Alex Radin, and Joseph R. Rensch; Supplementary Statement by Dean E. Abrahamson, Lee Botts, John J. Deutsch, Joseph L. Fisher, Phillip S. Hughes, Michael Mccloskey, Norton Nelson, Alex Radin, Charles R. Ross, Joseph L. Sax, and Gilbert F. White; Individual Views Dean E. Abrahamson; Lee Botts; Harvey Brooks and Carl Kaysen; D. C. Burnham; John J. Deutsch; Joseph L. Fisher; John D. Harper; Minor S. Jameson, Jr.; Michael Mccloskey; Alex Radin; Joseph R. Rensch; Joseph L. Sax; William P. Tavoulareas; J. Harris Ward; Gilbert F. White
Chapter Notes
Appendixes
Appendixes: Appendix A–Energy Requirements for Scenarios Residential Energy; Appendix B–Capital Requirements for conservation: Technical Fix vs. Historical Growth; Appendix C—Energy Supply Notes; Appendix D—Major Energy Resources; Appendix E—Government Organization and Reorganization for Energy; Appendix F—Economic Analysis of Alternative Energy Growth Patterns, 1975–2000 a Report to the Energy Policy Project by Data Resources, Inc. Edward A. Hudson Dale W. Jorgenson

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