12. Sternlieb, George, and Lynne Sagalyn, Zoning and Housing Costs. Rutgers University, Center for Urban Policy Research, 1973, pp. 63, 68.

13. A study by Ralph J. Johnson estimates the cost of building codes at 5 percent to 7.5 percent; a study by Leland S. Burns and Frank Mittelbach estimates the cost at 1.5 percent to 3 percent. Both results are reported in Weicher, op. cit., p. 147.

14. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, A Report to the Secretary on the Homeless and Emergency Shelters, May 1984; Hombs, Mary Ellen, and Mitch Snyder, Homelessness in America: A Forced March to Nowhere. Washington, D.C.: Community for Creative Non-Violence, 1983.

15. Cuomo, Mario, "1982/1983—News Again, A Report to the National Governors' Association Task Force on the Homeless," July 1983, p. 18.

16. The percentage of homeless families is much higher in Boston, Chicago, and New York. New York, for example, has an estimated 3,300 to 4,000 homeless families, which include 12,000 to 14,000 family members and more than 7,000 children.

17. Section 8 new construction, moderate and substantial rehabilitation, and others.

18. Actually, the housing voucher is not a new concept; it is quite similar to the Section 8 program.

19. Apgar, William, "Recent Trends in Housing Quality and Affordability: A Reassessment." Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University, 1985. Working Paper No. W85-5.

20. Ibid., p. 5.

21. Apgar, William, James H. Brown, George Masnick, and John Pitkin, The Housing Outlook: 1980-1990. New York: Praeger, 1985, p. 4.

22. Estimates based on data in the FY87 Budget of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.

23. Grigsby, William, and Morton Baruta, "Residential Investment: Too Much of Too Little." Unpublished manuscript, p. 3. University of Pennsylvania, Department of City and Regional Planning, October 1985.

24. Nenno, Mary, "Rental Housing in the 1980s: Prospects for Low-Income Households." Washington, D.C.: National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials, August 1985.

25. Federal Subsidies for Public Housing: Issues and Options. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Budget Office, June 1983; and Stucker, Jennifer, "Program Facts: Rental Subsidy Programs." Washington, D.C.: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Division of Policy Development, November 1984.

26. Ford Foundation, "The Foundation's Housing Programs—Final Report." New York: Ford Foundation, March 1972, #002001, p. 5.