implemented, therefore, the suggested housing expansion could trim the cost of new or rehabilitation work per square foot and add further to improving both the housing market and the economy.

The appropriate federal agencies should be given the power to enforce state and local observance of federal law and rulings about open housing and environmental protection, carrying strong sanctions. Enforcement must be based on thorough understanding and review of local situations. Air quality and open and adequate community facilities are associated with housing quality and choice, and with neighborhood amenities. Practices that lead to exclusionary and discriminatory results for those seeking housing often stem from environmental concerns. Environmental quality and housing choice need to be preserved for everyone. Review of local and state regulations and their administration for both these objectives are necessary for attaining and commanding compliance with the Constitution and federal law.

A recent exhaustive analysis and review of the literature and of litigation on this subject by Randall W. Scott of the Urban Land Institute documents the interrelationship of environmental concerns and housing discrimination. He concludes that:

Philosophically, government appears unwilling to establish firm policy, guidance, and support relative to the equal opportunity/exclusion/discrimination issues in housing and land use, even though its potential arsenal for dealing with these problems is immense....

Since the first housing act of 1934, there has been evolving a thrust toward the development of a national housing policy... to provide adequate housing for all persons. Yet it has been shown time and again that exclusionary land use practices serve to frustrate the fulfillment of this national objective.

Scott's list of community practices include many that affect minorities but relate primarily to growth: building moratoria, slow growth policies, and refusal to provide capacity or funding for municipal services, such as sewage and water systems. Among economic policies are large lot zoning, limitation on number of bedrooms, and prohibition against multifamily dwellings.

So far, significant investigations and litigation to remove obstacles to open housing have originated in local or national private groups with limited funds. Housing on equal terms for all citizens cannot be left entirely to local administration.

In environmental matters also, attention to air quality standards and other concerns cannot be left to narrow interests. Environmental policies need forceful regional and national implementation on their own account.