This, at first, four-year, cross-disciplinary project developed
an interdisciplinary format that provided a model for subsequent
curriculum integration projects; its founding director, Myra
Dinnerstein, also became highly regarded nationally and is
considered a pioneer in feminist curriculum integration.
A steering
committee of women's studies faculty (critical to the success of
such an undertaking) designed and conducted seminars for analyzing
"major texts" in feminist theory and discussing pedagogy in women's
studies. A firm grounding in feminist theory (limited for the most
part to the writings of white women) was a major objective of these
seminars, which were targeted to largely white, tenured male
faculty because it was believed that this would have a more
permanent impact on the curriculum. The participating faculty (45
from 13 departments) received either a stipend or released time for
participating in the yearlong project and were required to revise
at least one course for inclusion of content by and about women.
Faculty participants also consulted during the revision process
with feminist specialists in their various disciplines, read widely
under supervision with women's studies specialists, and by the end
of the project had revised syllabi for 80 courses—an
ambitious and impressive undertaking.
Numerous
curriculum integration projects followed. Perhaps the best-known of
these took place at Wheaton College in 1980 under the aegis of a
three-year grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary
Education (FIPSE), which assumed a leadership role in such
projects. The college-wide goal was to integrate the new
scholarship on women in introductory courses. In 1983 Wheaton
convened the first national conference on curriculum
integration.
FIPSE also
funded efforts by Smith College's Afro-American Studies Department
and the University of Massachusetts' Women's Studies Program to
conduct the first curriculum development project to bridge the
chasm between black studies and women's studies. Johnnella Butler's
essay "Complicating the Question: Black Studies and Women's
Studies" gives a detailed description of the project that includes
an appendix containing lists of courses addressing issues of race,
gender, and culture and of faculty who taught those courses. One of
the lessons derived from the project was that black participants
(men and women) resented faulty analogies between the experiences
of blacks and those of white women. They were opposed to comparing
the black experience of "double consciousness" (which Du Bois
conceptualized in The Souls of Black Folk in 1903) with the
experience of "otherness" (which Simone de Beauvoir conceptualized
in The Second Sex in 1949); they felt that while white women
experience oppression, they "are nevertheless served by white
American culture; they benefit from racial privilege."