tional departments" that offer certificates or concentrations in women's studies at the master's or Ph.D. levels. The University of Wisconsin–Madison Graduate Program in Women's History, established in 1982 under the direction of Gerda Lerner and structured as a specialization in the history department, is the first program in the United States to offer a Ph.D. in women's history. There are five free-standing master's programs and, at Clark University and Emory University, two programs that offer free-standing doctorates in women's studies.