9. Nancy Cott, ed., Root of Bitterness: Documents of the Social History of American Women (New York: Dutton, 1972).

10. Since the fall of communism, enormous changes have taken place in Eastern Europe, particularly as a result of economic dislocation during the transition to market economies. Women have been affected in profound ways because of an increase in poverty, unemployment, and domestic violence. The plight of Gypsies, ethnic minorities throughout Europe, is more difficult because of their dismal unemployment rates and extreme poverty. Given the patriarchal nature of their subcultures, and the prejudice against these subcultures in the larger society, Gypsy women fare even worse.

11. Bonnie Spanier, Alexander Bloom, and Darlene Boroviak, Toward a Balanced Curriculum: A Sourcebook for Initiating Gender Integration Projects (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1984), 9.

12. See cover stories of national magazines such as Time, July 8, 1991, "Who Are We," which focuses on multicultural education; the July 8, 1991, issue of U.S. News and World Report with its special report on "America Before Columbus: The Untold Story"; and the July 8, 1991, issue of Business Week, whose cover story is "Race in the Workplace: Does Affirmative Action Work?" See also Robert Birnbaum, Maintaining Diversity in Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1983); and the special issue of the Association of American Colleges' Liberal Education on "Discussing Diversity," vol. 77 (January/February 1991).

13. See The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 8, 1991, 15.

14. Arthur Levine and Jeanette Cureton, "The Quiet Revolution: Eleven Facts About Multiculturalism and the Curriculum," Change 24 (January/February 1991): 24. This is a second edition of a two-part series on multiculturalism. The September/October 1991 issue, "Diversity on Campus," examined multiculturalism outside the classroom.

15. Allan David Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987); E. D. Hirsch, Cultural Literacy (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1987); and Dinesh D'Souza, Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus (New York: Free Press, 1991).

16. See John R. Thelin, "The Curriculum Crusades and the Conservative Backlash," Change 24 (January/February 1992): 17–23.

17. A contemporary manifestation of this same impulse is the Afrocentricity movement which is presently associated mostly with Molefi Kete Asante, chair of African-American Studies at Temple University and author of Afrocentricity: The Theory of Social Change (Buffalo, N.Y.: Amulefi, 1980); The Afrocentric Idea (Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 1987); and Kemet, Afrocentricity, and Knowledge (Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1990). See Phil Petrie, "Afrocentrism in a Multicultural Democracy," Emerge (August 1991): 20–26, for a forum of leading scholars on Afrocentrism. See also The Western Journal of Black Studies 15 (Winter 1991) for a special issue on the "Dialectics of Afrocentricity."