techniques at the service of family-planning administrators in developing countries, and an effort to bring professional advice to the field of population communications.

By the end of the 1970s limitations on world population growth had become a major objective of international development assistance efforts—budgeted at some $500 million a year. Two or three times that amount was contributed by the developing countries to their own family-planning programs. Together with others, the Foundation had succeeded in building strong organizations like the Population Council, and had helped developing countries build substantial expertise in the social and biomedical sciences and in family-planning administration. Accordingly, the Foundation shifted its population activities to other areas.

Our new course was influenced by the knowledge that improved contraceptives and their availability through effective family-planning programs could not by themselves reduce excessive rates of population growth. It had become increasingly clear that the success of population programs would depend on millions of individual decisions by men and women making personal choices about sexual activity, contraception, and childbearing. These choices would be profoundly influenced by how family members make a living, by adults' concerns for old-age security, and especially by such factors as a woman's education and parental expectations of their children's life chances. The Foundation's work, therefore, emphasized four lines of activity that address these influences on population growth.